{"id":1140,"title":{"rendered":"Friend Request: Ethically And Legally Investigating Jurors\u2019 Social Media"},"content":{"rendered":"

\r\nBrandon A. Fortuno\u200a1<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> In the absence of the judge or attorneys informing the jury of the likelihood of such investigations, it is conceivable that some jurors may not welcome such attempts to access their social media content. As we will discuss later, social media platforms like LinkedIn offer ways to browse anonymously, avoiding unnecessary surprises like the one experienced by the judge and jurors in the aforementioned case. This emphasizes the importance of the attorney or designee being competent in performing social media investigations in a discreet manner.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Rewards of investigating juror\u2019s social media far outweigh the risks, as the vast amount of information available online will often exceed that which can be obtained during the process of voir dire. This includes political affiliations, opinions on social issues, charitable affiliations, lifestyle, and shopping habits, to name a few.\u200a24<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> that a member of the trial team viewed their profile. A recent survey by a trial consulting firm found that, after respondents received a brief explanation of the of the practice of such online searches, 82% of respondents would expect lawyers to conduct them.\u200a30<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> \r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Who Should Conduct the Social Media Investigation? \r\n<\/h3>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>While this will often be dictated by the trial team composition or allocated resources, ideally the social media investigation should be conducted by a trained specialist. Such specialists may be available through a jury consultant, private investigation agency, or other third-party provider. Realistically, many lawyers will find themselves, their co-counsel, or support staff conducting the social media investigation, often without the benefit of specialized knowledge or training.\u200a42<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> It is important to note that unless manually disabled in the search settings, Google will personalize the search results based on your location, safety settings, and search history.\u200a53<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> \r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Court databases: Many jurisdictions now offer electronic databases to search court dockets and filings, making it easy to locate the litigation history of jurors.\u200a54<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> If a state-wide case locator search isn\u2019t available, try to search each county or circuit in which the juror was known to have resided. Even if juror denies being involved in previous litigation, the search should be conducted, as the juror could have lied or failed to understand that divorce, collections, evictions, and small claims are still forms of litigation.\u200a56<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> This can be useful in states where the courts don\u2019t offer state-wide case locators, or when researching a juror without knowing exactly which cities or counties they resided in previously. Occasionally Google searches will yield links to official jail databases or privately-owned websites that collect arrest history and republish it, but that should not be relied on without additional verification.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Facebook: Facebook has undeniably left its mark on society and how we communicate.\u200a58<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> and Pew Research Center reported last year that 68% of all Americans use Facebook.\u200a60<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> and view all their content marked public<\/q> under the privacy option.\u200a62<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> A simple name search will produce numerous results, which can be narrowed further by city, school, employer, etc. Some users can also be located using their e-mail address, phone number, or screen name. Thanks to many of the default privacy settings, even a privacy minded individual may have unwittingly exposed some amount of public information just by having a Facebook account. Start with the assumption that each juror has a Facebook account and try to locate it.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>LinkedIn: Think Facebook but for the workplace. With over 610 million users worldwide,\u200a63<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> don\u2019t overlook this opportunity to get valuable information like education, current\/past employment, volunteer experience, names of professional associates, and more. Most profile content is publicly visible by default.\u200a64<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> Name searches allow advanced filtering by keywords, associates, location, past\/present employer, etc.\u200a65<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> To avoid the possibility of the user being notified that you viewed their profile, use the private browsing mode available in the settings.\u200a66<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Instagram: Instagram has managed to outpace Twitter in daily active users, twofold,\u200a67<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> which will only work if you\u2019ve entered the juror\u2019s phone number into your phone\u2019s contacts. Attorney\u2019s should never allow a phone containing client names or other potential confidential contact information to synchronize with these applications.\u200a71<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> and most users leave it public. Users can also share links, photos, videos, and send private messages to one another. One of the best Twitter features available during a social media investigation is the advanced search option, which allows various options to search for tweets by words, people, places, or dates.\u200a74<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> Users can share and watch videos, leave comments, create playlists, and more. Videos uploaded are set to public by default, but can be changed to private or unlisted prior to or after uploading.\u200a77<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> Search results can be filtered to allow advanced searching,\u200a78<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> and like the Google search engine, advanced operators can be used when typing a search string.\u200a79<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Google+: This was Google\u2019s direct shot at Facebook, albeit, unsuccessful.\u200a80<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> While this site is no longer a resource for social media investigations, it serves as an example of how cross-platform integrations can result in users unwillingly or unwittingly sharing information publicly on social media platforms.\u200a82<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a82\u200a<\/span>E.g., Dani Deahl, The Many Annoying Ways Google Forced Users Onto Google+<\/cite>, Theverge.com<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/sup>\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Other platforms: Some noteworthy mentions include Vine, Pinterest, Reddit, Blogspot, Tumblr, Meetup, and ClassMates.\u200a83<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a83\u200a<\/span>Priit Kallas, DreamGrow Digital, Top 15 Most Popular Social Networking Sites and Apps [November 2017]<\/cite>, Dreamgrow.com<\/a><\/span> (Dec 5, 2017).<\/span><\/sup> There are also some social media platforms that are exclusively app-based, requiring a compatible phone to access content (ie: Snapchat).\u200a84<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a84\u200a<\/span>Set Up Your Account<\/cite>, Snapchat<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/sup> While its unnecessary and nearly impossible to check every social media platform, keep an eye out for cross-linked social media accounts or content shared from another platform, as this could lead to the discovery of additional sources.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>IV. Using the Social Media Collected\r\n<\/h2>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Voir Dire: Peremptory Strikes, Challenges, and Acceptance \r\n<\/h3>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>When the fruits of your social media investigation are ripe will depend greatly on how far in-advance you received the juror list and began the social media investigation. Obtaining preliminary social media investigation results prior to voir dire can allow counsel to tailor their introduction, shape current questions or craft additional ones, and start voir dire with some familiarity of the prospective jurors. However, due to the difficulty of positively identifying jurors without the ability to compare their in-court appearance to their online photos,\u200a85<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a85\u200a<\/span>See Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev.<\/span> 227, 248 (2014).<\/span><\/sup> the full social media investigation results will likely come closer to the end of voir dire, and will be more actionable when it comes time to make peremptory strikes and challenges for cause.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>When the questioning ends and the opportunity to present peremptory strikes and cause challenges begins, attorneys must be prepared to use what ammunition they\u2019ve acquired from social media against undesirable jurors that are vulnerable to challenges for cause. As discussed earlier, witholding this information until after receiving an unfavorable verdict may constitute waiver, and will be viewed by the court disfavorably. It is critical that whomever conducted the social media investigation notate the degree of confidence held in the identification of the social media account, so that attorneys can properly argue specific cause challenges with a proposal to voir dire the prospective juror separately to authenticate the social media account and explore the topic of the challenge.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Even when a social media investigation fails to produce evidence sufficient to support a challenge for cause, the discoveries made could guide the strategic decision of whether to use a peremptory challenge against the juror.\u200a86<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a86\u200a<\/span>See Duncan Stark, Juror Investigation: Is In-Courtroom Internet Research Going Too Far?<\/cite>, 7 Wash. J.L. Tech. & Arts 93, 98<\/a> (2<\/span>011).<\/span><\/sup> The vast amount of information collected about the juror may give the attorney an idea of the juror\u2019s potential bias for or against their client or their client\u2019s cause. However, the decision to utilize a peremptory challenge must not be based on race, ethnicity, or sex.\u200a87<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a87\u200a<\/span>See Batson v. Kentucky<\/i>, 476 U.S. 79<\/a> (1986) (prohibiting prosecutors from exercising peremptory challenges against potential jurors solely on account of their race); see also Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co.<\/i>, 500 U.S. 614 <\/a>(1991) (applying the principles established in Batson to civil trials); J.E.B. v. Alabama<\/i>, 511 U.S. 127<\/a> (1994) (extending Batson principles to peremptory strikes based on sex).<\/span><\/sup> As one fired Texas prosecutor learned, information obtained during a social media investigation may be insufficient to defend the peremptory strike against a Batson challenge, and may instead support the basis of the challenge.\u200a88<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a88\u200a<\/span>Tony Plohetski, Austin American-Statesman, DA Lehmberg: Prosecutor Fired Over Racially Insensitive Statements<\/cite>, Statesman<\/a><\/span> (Jun 11, 2014); Sean Collins Walsh, Austin American-Statesman, Travis County to Settle with Fired Prosecutor Steve Brand for $270,000<\/cite>, Statesman<\/a><\/span> (Dec 23, 2014) (the fired prosecutor claimed that he was actually fired for not cooperating with a cover-up of an investigation into a police detective). <\/span><\/sup>\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>After the dust settles from peremptory strikes and challenges for cause, hopefully we see some friends still sitting in the venire. The strategic decision to accept specific jurors will be made from all information obtained, both inside and outside of the courtroom. Viewing jurors\u2019 social media may have uncovered life experiences and stated opinions that strongly suggest they will be empathetic to your client.\u200a89<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a89\u200a<\/span>John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System,<\/span> 173\u201374 (2010).<\/span><\/sup> Your social media discoveries may confirm your belief that you\u2019ve found a friend in the box.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Trial: Knowing Your Jury \r\n<\/h3>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>The intensive searches done at the beginning of trial can continue to serve you during trial. The information obtained from the social media investigation can allow attorneys to tailor their opening statements, rethink their selection of witnesses and evidence, add or remove certain questions from examination, and drive home a closing argument that resonates with the jurors.\u200a90<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a90\u200a<\/span>John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System,<\/span> 176 (2010).<\/span><\/sup> Continued monitoring of jurors\u2019 social media during trial may reveal insight into the jurors\u2019 life experiences occurring outside of court hours. This continued monitoring may also uncover evidence of juror misconduct or undue influences, which we\u2019ll discuss more in the last section.\u200a91<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a91\u200a<\/span>Joshua Briones & Ana Tagvoryan, Social Media as Evidence: Cases, P.ractice Pointers, and Techniques<\/cite> <\/span>76\u201382 (2013).<\/span><\/sup> \r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Appeal: Juror Misconduct\r\n<\/h3>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>After trial, the non-prevailing party may appeal for a new trial if juror misconduct was discovered during or after the trial, as long as the issue was presented in a timely manner after discovery and the issue preserved. Jurors may have posted new content directly contradicting their voir dire responses, befriended parties or witnesses, or begun publicly discussing the trial or deliberations before a verdict is reached.\u200a92<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a92\u200a<\/span>E.g., Joshua Briones & Ana Tagvoryan, Social Media as Evidence: Cases, Practice Pointers, and Techniques<\/cite>,<\/span> 76\u201382 (2013).<\/span><\/sup> In a West Virginia criminal appeal, a defendant successfully obtained a new trial by showing that a juror had communicated with the defendant on MySpace approximately one week before trial, and that the juror had ties to a witness which she failed to disclose during voir dire.\u200a93<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a93\u200a<\/span>State v. Dellinger<\/i>, 696 S.E.2d 38, 40<\/a> (2010).<\/span><\/sup> \r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>Candor to the Tribunal\r\n<\/h3>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>While the discoveries of social media investigations generally fall within work-product doctrine, attorneys may uncover juror misconduct so egregious that an ethical duty exists to remedy it. The ABA\u2019s formal opinion 466 states that [i]n the course of reviewing a juror\u2019s or potential juror\u2019s Internet presence, if a lawyer discovers evidence of juror or potential juror misconduct that is criminal or fraudulent, the lawyer must take reasonable remedial measures including, if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal.<\/q>\u200a94<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a94\u200a<\/span>ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1<\/a> (2014) (emphasis added).<\/span><\/sup> The comments of this opinion reveals that a lower threshold of juror misconduct was intended, but not affected due to a dependent rule. Attorneys who observe online misconduct by jurors should review their jurisdiction\u2019s rules, statutes, ethical code, and the instructions given at the beginning of the trial.\u200a95<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a95\u200a<\/span>See ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1, 6\u20139<\/a> (2014).<\/span><\/sup> \r\n<\/p>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>V. Conclusion\r\n<\/h2>\r\n

\r\n<\/a>As technology continues to change the way society shares information, attorneys must learn and adapt for the benefit of their clients. The social media sphere is flush with publicly viewable information that trial attorneys would be remiss to ignore during critical phases of trial. While there are important legal, ethical, and strategic considerations to be made while collecting juror social media, it is a worthwhile endeavor that can help identify friends and expose the foxes. \r\n<\/p>\r\n

Footnotes<\/h2>
\u200a1<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Brandon A. Fortuno, Esq. obtained his Juris Doctor degree from Stetson University College of Law in 2018 and is a 2019 LL.M. in Advocacy candidate at Stetson. He has a combined 12 years in law enforcement and private investigation, including experience conducting social media investigations for a variety of matters. Today he is the owner of Fortuno Law, PLLC, and Fortuno Investigations, LLC. in the Tampa Bay area.<\/div>
\u200a2<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Thomas Fuller, M.D. Gnomologia: Adagies and Proverbs; Wise Sentences and Witty Sayings, Ancient and Modern, Foreign and British<\/span>, 5 (1732).<\/div>
\u200a3<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Irvin v. Dowd<\/i>, 366 U.S. 717, 722 <\/a>(1961) (In the language of Lord Coke, a juror must be as indifferent as he stands unsworne.<\/q> His verdict must be based upon the evidence developed at the trial.<\/q>) (quoting Co.Litt. 155b). <\/div>
\u200a4<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Roger D. Moore, Voir Dire Examination of Jurors: I. The English Practice<\/cite>, 16 Geo. L.J<\/span>. 438, 438\u201339 (1928).<\/div>
\u200a5<\/a>\u200a<\/span>John H. Langbein, Historical Foundations of the Law of Evidence: A View from the Ryder Sources<\/cite>, 96 Colum. L. Rev. 1168, 1170<\/a><\/span> (1996).<\/div>
\u200a6<\/a>\u200a<\/span>United States v. Williams<\/i>, 635 F.2d 744, 745-46<\/a> (8th Cir. 1980).<\/div>
\u200a7<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See, e.g., John G. Browning,<\/span> The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System<\/cite><\/span>, 181\u201387 (2010).<\/div>
\u200a8<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Social media<\/cite>, Merriam-Webster.com<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a9<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Jan L. Jacobowitz & Danielle Singer, The Social Media Frontier: Exploring A New Mandate for Competence in the Practice of Law<\/cite>, 68 U. Miami L. Rev. 445, 465\u201367<\/a><\/span> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a10<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Model Rules of Prof\u2019l Conduct <\/span>1.1 cmt. 8<\/a> (Am. Bar Ass\u2019n 2016<\/span>).<\/div>
\u200a11<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan Garcia & Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Social Media Law in a Nutshell<\/cite> 3<\/span>57\u2013358 (2017).<\/div>
\u200a12<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan Garcia & Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Social Media Law in a Nutshell<\/cite>,<\/span> 336 (2017); But see William Peacock, Will It Soon be Malpractice Not to be Social Media Savvy?<\/cite>, Findlaw<\/a> <\/span>(May 17, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a13<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., N.Y. City Bar Ass\u2019n Comm. Prof\u2019l Ethics, Formal Op. 2<\/a> (2012); Or. State Bar, Formal Op. 189<\/a> (2013); Pa. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 300<\/a> (2014); W. Va. Law. Disciplinary Bd., L.E.O. No 02<\/a> (2015); Colo. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 127<\/a> (2015); D.C. Bar, Ethics Opinion 371<\/a> (2016); Dist. Idaho Loc. Civ. R. 47.2<\/a> (2017).<\/div>
\u200a14<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1<\/a> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a15<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sluss v. Com.<\/i>, 381 S.W.3d 215, 228<\/a> (Ky. 2012)(adopting the New York County method as described in N.Y. Cnty. Lawyers Ass\u2019n Comm. on Prof\u2019l Ethics, Formal Op. 743<\/a> (2011)).<\/div>
\u200a16<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Carino v. Muenzen<\/i>, No. A-5491-08T1, 2010 WL 3448071, at 4, 10<\/a> (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 30, 2010).<\/div>
\u200a17<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Carino v. Muenzen<\/i>, No. A-5491-08T1, 2010 WL 3448071, at 4, 10<\/a> (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Aug. 30, 2010).<\/div>
\u200a18<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Johnson v. McCullough<\/i>, 306 S.W.3d 551, 558-59<\/a> (Mo. 2010).<\/div>
\u200a19<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Mo. Sup. Ct. R. 69.025<\/a>.<\/div>
\u200a20<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Khoury v. ConAgra Foods, Inc.<\/i>, 368 S.W.3d 189, 202-03<\/a> (Mo. Ct. App. 2012).<\/div>
\u200a21<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Burden v. CSX Transp., Inc.<\/i>, No. 08-CV-04-DRH, 2011 WL 3793664, at 9<\/a> (S.D. Ill. Aug. 24, 2011); Stephen Nohlgren, Pinellas Judge: New Process May Be Needed to Screen Jurors<\/cite>, Tampa Bay Times<\/a><\/span> (July 9, 2014).<\/div>
\u200a22<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Jan L. Jacobowitz & John G. Browning, Legal Ethics and Social Media: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook<\/cite>,<\/span> 98\u201399 (2017).<\/div>
\u200a23<\/a>\u200a<\/span>WSJ Staff, LinkedIn Search in Spotlight at Bank of America Trial<\/cite>, Wall St. J.<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a24<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Law<\/cite>,<\/span> 173\u2013180 (2010).<\/div>
\u200a25<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., Nolan Case, Oklahoma County judge finds woman in contempt who was a potential juror at pharmacist\u2019s murder trial<\/cite>, The Oklahoman<\/a><\/span> (June 4, 20011); Kevin Armstrong, Juror in Aaron Hernandez case dismissed over concerns about bias towards Patriots<\/cite>, NY Daily News<\/a><\/span>, (Feb 3, 2015); Dismissed juror in Zimmerman trial returns to court, gets escorted out<\/cite>, WFTV <\/a><\/span>(June 14, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a26<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Jan L. Jacobowitz & John G. Browning, Legal Ethics and Social Media: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook<\/span>, 181\u201387 (2017).<\/div>
\u200a27<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Jan L. Jacobowitz & John G. Browning, Legal Ethics and Social Media: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook<\/span>, 110, 113\u201314 (2017).<\/div>
\u200a28<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466<\/a> (2014) (Discussion by the trial judge of the likely practice of trial lawyers reviewing juror ESM during the jury orientation process will dispel any juror misperception that a lawyer is acting improperly merely by viewing what the juror has revealed to all others on the same network.<\/q>).<\/div>
\u200a29<\/a>\u200a<\/span>LinkedIn, Who\u2019s Viewed Your Profile \u2014 Basic and Premium Features<\/cite>, Linkedin.com<\/a><\/span><\/div>
\u200a30<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Stephen Paterson, Using Social Media and Other Background Research in Voir Dire: Why Jurors Don\u2019t Care, But You Should<\/cite>, Vinson & Company<\/a><\/span> (2016). <\/div>
\u200a31<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Model Rule Prof\u2019l Conduct 3.5 <\/a>(Am. Bar Ass\u2019n 2013)<\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a32<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Am. Bar Ass\u2019n CPR Policy Implementation Committee, Variations of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct: Rule 3.5: Impartiality and Decorum of the Tribunal<\/cite>, Am. Bar Ass'n<\/a><\/span> (Sept. 29, 2017).<\/div>
\u200a33<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1<\/a> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a34<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., N.Y. City Bar Ass\u2019n Comm. Prof\u2019l Ethics, Formal Op. 2<\/a> (2012); Or. State Bar, Formal Op. 189<\/a> (2013); Pa. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 300<\/a> (2014); Colo. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 127<\/a> (2015); D.C. Bar, Ethics Opinion 371<\/a> (2016). See also W. Va. Law. Disciplinary Board, L.E.O. No. 02<\/a> (2015).<\/div>
\u200a35<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System<\/span>, 616\u201317 (2010).<\/div>
\u200a36<\/a>\u200a<\/span>NYCLA Comm. on Prof\u2019l Ethics, Formal Op. 743, at 3 n. 2<\/a> (2011).<\/div>
\u200a37<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1<\/a> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a38<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 4<\/a> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a39<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 5<\/a> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a40<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Pa. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 300,<\/a> at 16-17 (2014); Colo. Bar Ass\u2019n, Formal Op. 127, at 3<\/a> (2015); D.C. Bar, Ethics Opinion 371, at 5<\/a> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a41<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Model Rules of Prof\u2019l Conduct 4.4(a)<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a42<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Adam J. Hoskins, Armchair Jury Consultants: The Legal Implications and Benefits of Online Research of Prospective Jurors in the Facebook Era<\/cite>, 96 Minn. L. Rev. 1100, 1101<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a43<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev. 227, 241<\/a><\/span> (2014).<\/div>
\u200a44<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Investigating Jurors in the Digital Age: One Click at A Time<\/cite>, 60 U. Kan. L. Rev. 611, 613\u201314<\/a><\/span> (2012); see also Ryan Garcia & Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Social Media Law in a Nutshell<\/cite><\/span>, 335\u201336 (2017).<\/div>
\u200a45<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev.<\/span> 227, 241 (2014).<\/div>
\u200a46<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Eric P. Robinson, Virtual Voir Dire: The Law and Ethics of Investigating Jurors Online<\/cite>, 36 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 597<\/span>, 606 (2013).<\/div>
\u200a47<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev.<\/span> 227, 247\u201348 (2014).<\/div>
\u200a48<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Thaddeus Hoffmeister, Investigating Jurors in the Digital Age: One Click at A Time<\/cite>, 60 U. Kan. L. Rev. 611, 613\u201314<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a49<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Stephen Nohlgren, Pinellas Judge: New Process May Be Needed to Screen Jurors<\/cite>, Tampa Bay Times<\/a><\/span> (July 9, 2014) (quoting Circuit Court Judge Anthony Rondolino during a January 2014 hearing on motion for new trial).<\/div>
\u200a50<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., Burden v. CSX Transp., Inc.<\/i>, No. 08-CV-04-DRH, 2011 WL 3793664, at 9<\/a> (S.D. Ill. Aug. 24, 2011).<\/div>
\u200a51<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev.<\/span> 227, 247\u201348 (2014).<\/div>
\u200a52<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Use Search Operators<\/cite>, Google.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a53<\/a>\u200a<\/span>How Search Algorithms Work<\/cite>, Google.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a54<\/a>\u200a<\/span>National Center for State Courts, Privacy\/Public Access to Court Records<\/cite>, NCSC.org<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a55<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER), Search for Case Information<\/cite>, NCSC.org<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a56<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Stephen Nohlgren, Pinellas Judge: New Process May Be Needed to Screen Jurors<\/cite>, Tampa Bay Times<\/a><\/span> (July 9, 2014).<\/div>
\u200a57<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., Florida Dept. of Law Enforcement, Search Florida\u2019s Criminal Histories<\/cite>, FDLE<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a58<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Jessica Elgot, From Relationships to Revolutions: Seven Ways Facebook has Changed the World<\/cite>, TheGuardian.com<\/a><\/span> (Aug. 28, 2015).<\/div>
\u200a59<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Stats, Facebook Newsroom<\/cite>, Newsroom.fb.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a60<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Pew Research Center, Social Media Update 2016<\/cite>, Pewresearch.org<\/a><\/span> (Nov. 10, 2016).<\/div>
\u200a61<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Finding Friends and People You May Know<\/cite>, Facebook Help Center<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a62<\/a>\u200a<\/span>What is public information?<\/cite>, Facebook Help Center<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a63<\/a>\u200a<\/span>About LinkedIn<\/cite>, Linkedin.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a64<\/a>\u200a<\/span>What People Can See on Your Profile<\/cite>, Linkedin Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a65<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Using Search Filters on LinkedIn<\/cite>, Linkedin Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a66<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Browsing Profiles in Private and Semi-Private Mode<\/cite>, Linkedin Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a67<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Josh Constine, Instagram\u2019s growth speeds up as it hits 700 million users<\/cite>, TechCrunch.com<\/a><\/span> (Apr. 26, 2017). <\/div>
\u200a68<\/a>\u200a<\/span>How do I set my photos and videos to private so that only approved followers can see them?<\/cite>, Instagram Help Center<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a69<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Mike Byrne, Optical Cortex<\/cite>, Instagram Statistics<\/a><\/span> (Mar 12, 2014).<\/div>
\u200a70<\/a>\u200a<\/span>How do I find people I know to follow on Instagram?<\/cite>, Instagram Help Center<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a71<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Andy Radhakant & Matthew Diskin, How Social Media Are Transforming Litigation<\/cite>, Am. Bar Ass'n<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a72<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Amanda MacArthur, The Real History of Twitter, In Brief<\/cite>, Lifewire.com<\/a><\/span> (Nov 7, 2017).<\/div>
\u200a73<\/a>\u200a<\/span>About public and protected Tweets<\/cite>, Twitter Help Center<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a74<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Advanced search<\/cite>, Twitter.com<\/a><\/span>; How to use advanced search<\/cite>, Twitter.com<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a75<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Google buys YouTube for $1.65 billion<\/cite>, Nbcnews.com<\/a><\/span> (Oct 10, 2006).<\/div>
\u200a76<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Market Share: Online Video Platforms<\/cite>, Datanyze.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a77<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Change video privacy settings<\/cite>, Youtube Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a78<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Advanced search (Filters)<\/cite>, Youtube Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a79<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Use Advanced Search in Video Manager<\/cite>, Youtube Help<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a80<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Arjun Kharpal, Look Who\u2019s Admitting that Google+ is Confusing<\/q><\/cite>, CNBC.com<\/a><\/span>(Jul. 28, 2015); but see Rob Price, Google is Still Refusing to let Google+ Die<\/cite>, BusinessInsider.com<\/a><\/span> (Jan 18, 2017).<\/div>
\u200a81<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Chris Welch, Google Begins Shutting Down its Failed Google+ Social Network<\/cite>, Theverge.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a82<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., Dani Deahl, The Many Annoying Ways Google Forced Users Onto Google+<\/cite>, Theverge.com<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a83<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Priit Kallas, DreamGrow Digital, Top 15 Most Popular Social Networking Sites and Apps [November 2017]<\/cite>, Dreamgrow.com<\/a><\/span> (Dec 5, 2017).<\/div>
\u200a84<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Set Up Your Account<\/cite>, Snapchat<\/a><\/span>.<\/div>
\u200a85<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Michael Begovich, Voir Dire in A Digital World: A Model for Ethical Internet Investigation of the Venire<\/cite>, 36 T. Jefferson L. Rev.<\/span> 227, 248 (2014).<\/div>
\u200a86<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Duncan Stark, Juror Investigation: Is In-Courtroom Internet Research Going Too Far?<\/cite>, 7 Wash. J.L. Tech. & Arts 93, 98<\/a> (2<\/span>011).<\/div>
\u200a87<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Batson v. Kentucky<\/i>, 476 U.S. 79<\/a> (1986) (prohibiting prosecutors from exercising peremptory challenges against potential jurors solely on account of their race); see also Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co.<\/i>, 500 U.S. 614 <\/a>(1991) (applying the principles established in Batson to civil trials); J.E.B. v. Alabama<\/i>, 511 U.S. 127<\/a> (1994) (extending Batson principles to peremptory strikes based on sex).<\/div>
\u200a88<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Tony Plohetski, Austin American-Statesman, DA Lehmberg: Prosecutor Fired Over Racially Insensitive Statements<\/cite>, Statesman<\/a><\/span> (Jun 11, 2014); Sean Collins Walsh, Austin American-Statesman, Travis County to Settle with Fired Prosecutor Steve Brand for $270,000<\/cite>, Statesman<\/a><\/span> (Dec 23, 2014) (the fired prosecutor claimed that he was actually fired for not cooperating with a cover-up of an investigation into a police detective). <\/div>
\u200a89<\/a>\u200a<\/span>John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System,<\/span> 173\u201374 (2010).<\/div>
\u200a90<\/a>\u200a<\/span>John G. Browning, The Lawyer\u2019s Guide to Social Networking: Understanding Social Media\u2019s Impact on the Legal System,<\/span> 176 (2010).<\/div>
\u200a91<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Joshua Briones & Ana Tagvoryan, Social Media as Evidence: Cases, P.ractice Pointers, and Techniques<\/cite> <\/span>76\u201382 (2013).<\/div>
\u200a92<\/a>\u200a<\/span>E.g., Joshua Briones & Ana Tagvoryan, Social Media as Evidence: Cases, Practice Pointers, and Techniques<\/cite>,<\/span> 76\u201382 (2013).<\/div>
\u200a93<\/a>\u200a<\/span>State v. Dellinger<\/i>, 696 S.E.2d 38, 40<\/a> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a94<\/a>\u200a<\/span>ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1<\/a> (2014) (emphasis added).<\/div>
\u200a95<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See ABA Standing Comm. on Ethics & Prof\u2019l Responsibility, Formal Op. 466, at 1, 6\u20139<\/a> (2014).<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Brandon A. Fortuno <\/p>\n","protected":false},"meta":{"_citation":"6 Stetson J. Advoc. & L. 70 (2019)","_first_para":70,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-23"]}