{"id":46998,"title":{"rendered":"If It Ain\u2019t Broke Don\u2019t Fix It: The Proportionality Principle and the Changing Face of War"},"content":{"rendered":"

\r\nJacquelyn Caroe\u200a1<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> Conversely, something that is disproportionate<\/q> is too great or too small when compared to something else.<\/q>\u200a94<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup> Finally, excess<\/q> is the state or an instance of surpassing usual, proper, or specified limits . . . the amount or degree by which one thing or quantity exceeds another.<\/q>\u200a95<\/a>\u200a<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/a>Also, the proportionality analysis is a military calculation. Politics are not this analysis and should be excluded from considerations. The proportionality principle is a tool used to protect civilian lives and objects. It is not to be bogged down by biased political discussions. Whether or not a military attack is justified on other grounds is beside the point. An attack is never to be deemed proportional because he hit me first.<\/q> The question is simply how each attack is expected to harm civilians and civilian objects. Any attack that causes excessive harm to civilians is a war crime, regardless of politics.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/a>The limitations of the actual proportionality analysis are also important to keep in mind. This calculation is limited to a forward-facing analysis made by the military commander, with the information available to them at the time, considering the totality of the circumstances. However, when discussed by news sources, attacks are analyzed in a backward facing manner with different information than was available to the military commander at the time that attack was planned.\u200a96<\/a>\u200a<\/span>\u200a96\u200a<\/span>Nicole Gaouette, et al., Trump says Iran Appears to Be Standing Down<\/q> following its retaliatory attacks against Iraqi bases housing US troops<\/cite>, CNN Politics<\/a><\/span> (Jan. 8, 2020).<\/span><\/sup> These distinct points of view naturally can lead to different conclusions and an attack that might have been proportional, when viewed differently, may appear excessive.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/a>When news media sources use terms such as proportional<\/q> or disproportionate,<\/q> they often use them within their common language definitions and analyze the military actions in a way inconsistent with the Law of Armed Conflict. However, this confusion is not new. Although the use of the terms makes sense within common vernacular, it is misleading and can confuse the issues. It is important that civilians understand the actual proportionality analysis made by military commanders in order to better understand why certain actions are taken.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/a>This article explained the laws governing military attacks, described the use of drones, and discussed two major changes in the face of war that affect the proportionality analysis. These were the urbanization of the battlefield and the use of drones and other precision weapon systems. Although these changes affect the factors to be considered by military commanders when planning a military operation, the proportionality analysis need not be changed. As it stands, the proportionality principle is flexible enough to account for any current changes to war. As long as the commander considers expected collateral damage, and the full analysis is conducted, regardless of the weapon systems employed, the proportionality analysis will continue to protect civilians and civilian objects from excessive attacks.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Footnotes<\/h2>
\u200a1<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Jacquelyn Caroe received her Juris Doctor from the University of Florida Levin College of Law in 2021. Ms. Caroe earned her Bachelor of the Arts from University of California, Davis in 2011 in both Political Science and Psychology. Ms. Caroe will be practicing law at Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP, in Atlanta, Georgia. Ms. Caroe wrote this Note in 2019 during her time on The Florida Law Review under the advisement of Professor Christopher Vallandingham, and Professor Judy Clausen.<\/div>
\u200a2<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10<\/a><\/span> (2016); Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 233 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a3<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847<\/a><\/span> (2018). <\/div>
\u200a4<\/a>\u200a<\/span>William H. Boothby, The Law of Targeting 20<\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a5<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand J. Transnat'l l. 835, 839<\/a><\/span> (2018). <\/div>
\u200a6<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a7<\/a>\u200a<\/span>William H. Boothby, The Law of Targeting<\/span> 3<\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a8<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 11<\/a><\/span> (2016); Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 233 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a9<\/a>\u200a<\/span>William H. Boothby, The Law of Targeting 31\u201332, 35\u201336<\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a10<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 11<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a11<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 11<\/a><\/span> (2016); see U.S. Armed Forces, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication<\/cite> 3\u201360, Joint Doctrine for Targeting II\u20131\u20138 <\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a12<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 11\u201312<\/a><\/span> (2016); Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 235 (2015); U.S. Armed Forces, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication<\/cite> 3\u201360, Joint Doctrine for Targeting II\u20131\u20138 <\/a><\/span> (2013)<\/div>
\u200a13<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 13<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a14<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 13<\/a><\/span> (2016) (quoting Article 52(2) of Additional Protocol I of 1977); see Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 241 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a15<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 241\u201346 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a16<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 13<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a17<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 12<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a18<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See generally Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, Some Reflections on the Incidental Harm<\/q> Side of Proportionality Assessments<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 827, 828<\/a> <\/span>(2018).<\/div>
\u200a19<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts art. 51, \u00b6 5(b), art. 57, \u00b6\u00b6 2(a)(iii), 2(b), 1125 U.N.T.S. 3<\/a> (June 8, 1977).<\/div>
\u200a20<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See generally Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, Some Reflections on the Incidental Harm<\/q> Side of Proportionality Assessments<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 827, 828<\/a><\/span> (2018); Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 235 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a21<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, Some Reflections on the Incidental Harm<\/q> Side of Proportionality Assessments<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 827, 828<\/a><\/span> (2018); Karoly Vegh, A Five-Step Legal Assessment in the Joint Targeting Process \u2014 An Overview<\/cite>, Hungarian Y.B. Int\u2019l & Eu. L.<\/span> 233, 249\u201351 (2015).<\/div>
\u200a22<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Roni Katzir, Four Comments on the Application of Proportionality under the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 857, 859<\/a><\/span> (2018). <\/div>
\u200a23<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a24<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, Some Reflections on the Incidental Harm<\/q> Side of Proportionality Assessments<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 827, 828<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a25<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a26<\/a>\u200a<\/span>U.S. Dep\u2019t of Def., Law Of War Manual 261<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a27<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 839<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a28<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 840\u201341<\/a><\/span> (2018); see Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/cite>, 39 Int'l Legal Materials 1257<\/a><\/span> (2000).<\/div>
\u200a29<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 841\u201346<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a30<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 15<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a31<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 844\u201345<\/a><\/span> (2018); Shiri Krebs, Rethinking Targeted Killing Policy: Reducing Uncertainty, Protecting Civilians from the Ravages of both Terrorism and Counterterrorism<\/cite>, 44 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 943, 990\u201392<\/a> <\/span>(2017).<\/div>
\u200a32<\/a>\u200a<\/span>James A. Burkat, Deadly Advice: Judge Advocates and Joint Targeting<\/cite>, The Army Law 10, 15<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a33<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Shiri Krebs, Rethinking Targeted Killing Policy: Reducing Uncertainty, Protecting Civilians from the Ravages of both Terrorism and Counterterrorism<\/cite>, 44 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 943, 990\u201392<\/a><\/span> (2017).<\/div>
\u200a34<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Roni Katzir, Four Comments on the Application of Proportionality under the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 857, 859<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a35<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Shiri Krebs, Rethinking Targeted Killing Policy: Reducing Uncertainty, Protecting Civilians from the Ravages of both Terrorism and Counterterrorism<\/cite>, 44 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 943, 990\u201392<\/a><\/span> (2017).<\/div>
\u200a36<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Roni Katzir, Four Comments on the Application of Proportionality under the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnt'l L. 857, 859<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a37<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a38<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a39<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 848<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a40<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 838<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a41<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See Prosecutor v. Prli\u0107<\/i>, Case No. IT-04-74-T, Judgment Vol. 2<\/a>, \u00b6 1284 (Int\u2019l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia May 29, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a42<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 352<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a43<\/a>\u200a<\/span>U.S. Dep\u2019t of Def., Law Of War Manual 261<\/a><\/span> (2016).<\/div>
\u200a44<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 352<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a45<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 837<\/a><\/span> (2018); see generally Ben Clarke, Proportionality in Armed Conflicts: A Principle in Need of Clarification<\/cite>, 3 J. Int\u2019l Human. Legal Stud.<\/span> 73 (2012) (discussing the many holes within the API and suggesting a guidance document to clarify many important issues like environmental considerations, assessing the value of property, the exclusion of hors de combat<\/i> individuals, and the many issues with media coverage).<\/div>
\u200a46<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ben Clarke, Proportionality in Armed Conflicts: A Principle in Need of Clarification<\/cite>, 3 J. Int\u2019L Human. Legal Stud.<\/span> 73, 103 (2012).<\/div>
\u200a47<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 351<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a48<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ben Clarke, Proportionality in Armed Conflicts: A Principle in Need of Clarification<\/cite>, 3 J. Int\u2019l Human. Legal Stud.<\/span> 73, 105 (2012).<\/div>
\u200a49<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 847\u201348<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a50<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 352<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a51<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 352<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a52<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Prosecutor v. Prli\u0107<\/i>, Case No. IT-04-74-T, Judgment Vol. 2<\/a>, \u00b6 1284 (Int\u2019l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia May 29, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a53<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Prosecutor v. Prli\u0107<\/i>, Case No. IT-04-74-T, Judgment Vol. 2<\/a>, \u00b6 1284-88 (Int\u2019l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia May 29, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a54<\/a>\u200a<\/span>International Law Association Study Group on the Conduct of Hostilities in the 21st Century, The Conduct of Hostilities and International Humanitarian Law: Challenges of 21st Century Warfare<\/cite>, 93 Int\u2019l L. Stud. 322, 356<\/a><\/span> (2017). <\/div>
\u200a55<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Prosecutor v. Prli\u0107<\/i>, Case No. IT-04-74-T, Judgment Vol. 2<\/a>, \u00b6 1284-85 (Int\u2019l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia May 29, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a56<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ian Henderson & Kate Reece, Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander<\/q> Standard and Reverberating Effects<\/cite>, 51 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 835, 837<\/a><\/span> (2018).<\/div>
\u200a57<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Prosecutor v. Prli\u0107<\/i>, Case No. IT-04-74-T, Judgment Vol. 2<\/a>, \u00b6 1284 (Int\u2019l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia May 29, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a58<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See <\/span>U.S. Dep\u2019t of Def., Law Of War Manual 261<\/a><\/span> (2016) (Mere inconveniences or temporary disruptions to civilian life need not be considered in applying this rule<\/q>).<\/div>
\u200a59<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 307 <\/a><\/span> (2013); Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 263<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a60<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 104<\/a><\/span> (2010). <\/div>
\u200a61<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 269<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a62<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 126<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a63<\/a>\u200a<\/span>BBC, Drones: What Are They and How Do They Work?<\/cite>, BBC News<\/a><\/span>, Jan. 31, 2012.<\/div>
\u200a64<\/a>\u200a<\/span>U.C. Jha, Drones and Targeted Killings: Assessment of Applicable Principles and Laws<\/cite>, ISIL Y. B. Int\u2019l Human. & Refugee L. 67, 68\u201369 <\/span>(2014\u20132015).<\/div>
\u200a65<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Oren Gross, The New Way of War: Is There a Duty to Use Drones?<\/cite>, 67 Fla. L. Rev. 1, 2<\/a><\/span> (2015); Shashank Bengali & David S. Cloud, US Drone strikes up sharply in Afghanistan<\/cite>, L.A. Times<\/a><\/span> (Feb. 21, 2013).<\/div>
\u200a66<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Oren Gross, The New Way of War: Is There a Duty to Use Drones?<\/cite>, 67 Fla. L. Rev. 1, 2-3<\/a><\/span> (2015).<\/div>
\u200a67<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 263<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a68<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 307<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a69<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 263<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a70<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 307\u201308<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a71<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 263<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a72<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 263<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a73<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 102<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a74<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See generally Peter J. Fliess, The Legality of Atmospheric Nuclear Tests \u2014 a Critical View of International Law in the Cold War<\/cite>, 15 U. Fla. L. Rev.<\/span> 21 (1962) (discussing the implications and justifications for the use of nuclear weapons during the Cold War).<\/div>
\u200a75<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 102<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a76<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See generally Samuel Alexander, Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for War Crimes<\/cite>, 69 Fla. L. Rev. 261<\/a><\/span> (2017) (discussing the possibility of war crimes committed under the Obama Administration when calling for double-tapping drone attacks).<\/div>
\u200a77<\/a>\u200a<\/span>See generally Andres Healy, The Constitutionality of Amended 10 U.S.C. Section 802(A)(10): Does the Military Need a Formal Invitation to Reign in Cowboy<\/q> Civilian Contractors?<\/cite>, 62 Fla. L. Rev. 519<\/a><\/span> (2010) (discussing the legality of private contractors and militias in the conflict in the Middle East).<\/div>
\u200a78<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 304<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a79<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 304, 310<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a80<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 127<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a81<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 304<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a82<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 310\u201312<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a83<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 311, 314<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a84<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 261<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a85<\/a>\u200a<\/span>U.C. Jha, Drones and Targeted Killings: Assessment of Applicable Principles and Laws<\/cite>, ISIL Y. B. Int\u2019l Human. & Refugee L. 67, 71 <\/span>(2014\u20132015).<\/div>
\u200a86<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 267, 276<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a87<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Megan Braun & Daniel R. Brunstetter, Rethinking the Criterion for Assessing Cia-targeted Killings: Drones, Proportionality and Jus Ad Vim<\/cite>, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 304, 304<\/a><\/span> (2013).<\/div>
\u200a88<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 269<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a89<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 103, 187, 188<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a90<\/a>\u200a<\/span>U.C. Jha, Drones and Targeted Killings: Assessment of Applicable Principles and Laws<\/cite>, ISIL Y. B. Int\u2019l Human. & Refugee L. 67, 167 <\/span>(2014\u20132015).<\/div>
\u200a91<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Sarah Kreps & John Kaag, The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis<\/cite>, 44 Polity 260, 269<\/a><\/span> (2012).<\/div>
\u200a92<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict<\/cite>, 39 Denv. J. Int\u2019l L. & Pol\u2019y 101, 137<\/a><\/span> (2010).<\/div>
\u200a93<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Proportional<\/em>, Merriam-Webster<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a94<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Disproportionate<\/em>, Cambridge Dictionary<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a95<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Excess<\/em>, Merriam-Webster<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>
\u200a96<\/a>\u200a<\/span>Nicole Gaouette, et al., Trump says Iran Appears to Be Standing Down<\/q> following its retaliatory attacks against Iraqi bases housing US troops<\/cite>, CNN Politics<\/a><\/span> (Jan. 8, 2020).<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jacquelyn Caroe<\/p>\n","protected":false},"meta":{"_citation":"9 Stetson J. Advoc. & L. 1 (2022)","_first_para":1,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-46998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-32"]}